Bioprocess for mass production and feed utilization of Azolla pinnata in aquaculture ponds: a perspective of bioeconomy and eco-friendly technology for small farms

Tavani Rocha Camargo; Guilherme Wolff Bueno; Levi P. Machado; Maicon R. Brande; Beatriz S. Heitzman; Thiago D. Trombeta

doi:10.18011/bioeng.2022.v16.1129

Autores

Tavani Rocha Camargo Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7885-8849
Guilherme Wolff Bueno Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Vale do Ribeira - FCAVR, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Registro, Registro, SP, Brazil
Levi P. Machado Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Vale do Ribeira - FCAVR, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Registro, Registro, SP, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-851X
Maicon R. Brande Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3930-0911
Beatriz S. Heitzman Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
Thiago D. Trombeta Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brasil. thiago.trombeta@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-4141

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18011/bioeng.2022.v16.1129

Palavras-chave:

bioeconomy, circular economy, reuse effluents, sustainable aquaculture

Resumo

Aquatic plants have a high potential to be used as eco-friendly technology in fish farming effluent treatment systems. However, there is still a reduced use of the vegetable biomass produced in these treatment systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop an alternative feed with the aquatic plant Azolla pinnata to take advantage of plant biomass, reusing the plant to develop a new product and promote a circular economy. A. pinnata was implemented in decantation pond that receives effluents from fish farming. Samples were collected weekly at four times (0, 7, 14, and 21 days). Posteriorly, A. pinnata was processed to obtain the meal. Azolla meal was offered along with three commercial feed (24%, 28% and 32% of the crude protein) in an experiment to evaluate the zootechnical performance of tilapia in small tanks. The results indicated that A. pinnata was efficient to retention of phosphorus and nitrogen after seven days. In the experiment with animals, the treatment using commercial feed with 28% of the crude protein + Azolla showed the best efficiency rates for using the diet. Thus, the use of the A. pinnata meal was a viable alternative in the search for sustainable products to promote a bioeconomy in the small fish farms.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

AOAC (2000) ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (16th ed.) Arlington.

Alalade, O. A., & Iyayi, E. A. (2006). Chemical composition and the feeding value of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal for egg-type chicks. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(2), 137-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.137.141

Ansari, A. A., Naeem, M., Gill, S. S., & AlZuaibr, F. M. (2020). Phytoremediation of contaminated waters: An eco-friendly technology based on aquatic macrophytes application. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 46(4), 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2020.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2020.03.002

Appenroth, K. J., Sree, K. S., Böhm, V., Hammann, S., Vetter, W., Leiterer, M., & Jahreis, G. (2017). Nutritional value of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) as human food. Food chemistry, 217, 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.116

Arora, A., & Singh, P. K. (2003). Comparison of biomass productivity and nitrogen fixing potential of Azolla spp. Biomass and Bioenergy, 24(3), 175-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00133-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00133-2

Baccarin, A. E., & Camargo, A. F. M. (2005). Characterization and evaluation of the impact of feed management on the effluents of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132005000100012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132005000100012

Basak, B., Pramanik, M. A. H., Rahman, M. S., Tarafdar, S. U., & Roy, B. C. (2002). Azolla (Azolla pinnata) as a feed ingredient in broiler ration. International Journal of Poultry Science, 1(1), 29-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2002.29.34

Bennicelli, R., Stępniewska, Z., Banach, A., Szajnocha, K., & Ostrowski, J. (2004). The ability of Azolla caroliniana to remove heavy metals (Hg (II), Cr (III), Cr (VI)) from municipal waste water. Chemosphere, 55(1), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.015

Bi, R., Zhou, C., Jia, Y., Wang, S., Li, P., Reichwaldt, E. S., & Liu, W. (2019). Giving waterbodies the treatment they need: a critical review of the application of constructed floating wetlands. Journal of environmental management, 238, 484-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.064

Bohnes, F. A., & Laurent, A. (2020). Environmental impacts of existing and future aquaculture production: Comparison of technologies and feed options in Singapore. Aquaculture, 532, 736001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736001

Box, G. E., & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 26(2), 211-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x

Boyd, C.E., D'Abramo, L.R., Glencross, B.D., Huyben, D.C., Juarez, L.M., Lockwood, G.S., McNevin, A.A., Tacon, A.G.J., Teletchea, F., Tomasso Jr, J.R., Tucker, C.S., Valenti, W.C. 2020. Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 51, 578–633. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714

Bueno, G.W., Ostrensky, A., Canzi, C., Matos, F.T., Roubach, R. 2019. Implementation of aquaculture parks in Federal Government waters in Brazil. Rev. Aquacult. 7, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12045

Cao M., Song C., Jin Y., Liu L., Liu J., Xie H., & Wang, S. (2010). Synthesis of poly(γ-glutamic acid) and heterologous expression of pgsBCA genes. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 67(1-2), 111-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.07.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.07.014

Cherryl, D. M., Prasad, R. M. V., JagadeeswaraRao, S., Jayalaxmi, P., & Srinivas Kumar, D. (2014). A study on the nutritive value of Azolla pinnata. Livestock Research International, 2(1), 13-15.

Fiogbe, E. D., Micha, J. C., & Van Hove, C. (2004). Use of a natural aquatic fern, Azolla microphylla, as a main component in food for the omnivorous–phytoplanktonophagous tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20(6), 517-520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00562.x

Food And Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome: FAO. 236p. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en

Forni, C., Chen, J., Tancioni, L., & Caiola, M. G. (2001). Evaluation of the fern Azolla for growth, nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater. Water research, 35(6), 1592-1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00396-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00396-1

Henry-Silva, G. G., & Camargo, A. F. M. (2006). Efficiency of aquatic macrophytes to treat Nile tilapia pond effluents. Scientia Agricola, 63(5), 433-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162006000500003

Kumar, V., Kumar, P., Singh, J., & Kumar, P. (2020). Potential of water fern (Azolla pinnata R. Br.) in phytoremediation of integrated industrial effluent of SIIDCUL, Haridwar, India: removal of physicochemical and heavy metal pollutants. International journal of phytoremediation, 22(4), 392-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1667950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1667950

Magouz, F. I., Dawood, M. A., Salem, M. F., & Mohamed, A. A. (2020). The effects of fish feed supplemented with Azolla meal on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and health condition of genetically-improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Annals of Animal Science, 20(3), 1029-1045. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0016

Mengistu, S. B., Mulder, H. A., Benzie, J. A., & Komen, H. (2020). A systematic literature review of the major factors causing yield gap by affecting growth, feed conversion ratio and survival in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(2), 524-541. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12331

Milhazes-Cunha, H., & Otero, A. (2017). Valorization of aquaculture effluents with microalgae: the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture concept. Algal research, 24, 416-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.12.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.12.011

Mohd Nizam, N. U., Mohd Hanafiah, M., Mohd Noor, I., & Abd Karim, H. I. (2020). Efficiency of five selected aquatic plants in phytoremediation of aquaculture wastewater. Applied Sciences, 10(8), 2712. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082712 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082712

Mounes, H. A. M., Mansour, E. G., & Ahmed, K. M. (2020). Effect of Azolla pinnata and Nannochloropsis oculata on growth performance and immunoresponse of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its resistance to bacterial infection. Egyptian Journal for Aquaculture, 10(3), 43-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/eja.2020.38241.1030

Muvea, F. M., Ogendi, G. M., & Omondi, S. O. (2019). Nutrient removal efficiency by floating macrophytes; Lemna minor and Azolla pinnata in a constructed wetland. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 5(4), 415-430.

Osti, J. A., Henares, M. N., & Camargo, A. F. (2018). The efficiency of free‐floating and emergent aquatic macrophytes in constructed wetlands for the treatment of a fishpond effluent. Aquaculture Research, 49(10), 3468-3476. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13813 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13813

Prasad, R. M. V., JagadeeswaraRao, S., Jayalaxmi, P., & Kumar, D. S. (2014). A study on the nutritive value of Azolla pinnata. Livestock Research International, 2, 13-15.

Pillai, P. K., Premalatha, S., & Rajamony, S. (2002). Azolla-A sustainable feed substitute for livestock. Leisa India, 4(1), 15-17.

Pizato, S., Kraieski, J., Sarmento, C., & Prentice, C. (2012). Evaluation of the technological quality presented for a canned Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ciências Agrárias, 33(2), 667-674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33n2p667

R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/

Rai, P. K. (2008). Phytoremediation of Hg and Cd from industrial effluents using an aquatic free floating macrophyte Azolla pinnata. International journal of phytoremediation, 10(5), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802100606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802100606

Redding, T., Todd, S., & Midlen, A. (1997). The treatment of aquaculture wastewaters—a botanical approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 50(3), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1997.0112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1997.0112

Roy, D. C., Pakhira, M. C., & Roy, M. (2016). Estimation of amino acids, minerals and other chemical compositions of Azolla. Advances in Life Sciences, 5(7), 2692-2696.

Souza, S. M. G., de Oliveira, D., dos Santos, C. V., Gomes, M. E. C., & Esteves, K. D. (2008). Growth and feed utilization by juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) feed with Azolla filiculoides) with low lipid diet. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 29(2), 459-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2008v29n2p459

Toledo, J. J., & Penha, J. (2011). Performance of Azolla caroliniana Willd. and Salvinia auriculata Aubl. on fish farming effluent. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 71(1), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842011000100007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842011000100007

Turcios, A. E., & Papenbrock, J. (2014). Sustainable treatment of aquaculture effluents—what can we learn from the past for the future?. Sustainability, 6(2), 836-856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6020836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su6020836

Upadhyay, A. R., & Tripathi, B. D. (2007). Principle and process of biofiltration of Cd, Cr, Co, Ni & Pb from tropical opencast coalmine effluent. Water, air, and soil pollution, 180(1), 213-223. DOI 10.1007/s11270-006-9264-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9264-1

Vasconcelos, V. M., de Morais, E. R. C., Faustino, S. J. B., Hernandez, M. C. R., Gaudêncio, H. R. D. S. C., de Melo, R. R., & Junior, A. P. B. (2020). Floating aquatic macrophytes for the treatment of aquaculture effluents. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11308-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11308-8

Valenti, W.C., Kimpara, J.M., Preto, B.L., Moraes-Valenti, P., 2018. Indicators of sustainability to assess aquaculture systems. Ecologic Indicator, 88, 402-413 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.068

Valenti, W.C.; Barros, H.P.; Moraes-Valenti, P.; Bueno, G.W.; Cavalli, R.O. 2021. Aquaculture in Brazil: past, present and future. Aquaculture Reports, V.19, p. 1-18, doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100611

Zhao, L., Zheng, Y., Nicholaus, R., Lukwambe, B., Zhu, J., Yang, W., & Zheng, Z. (2019). Bioturbation by the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta affects benthic nutrient fluxes in aquaculture wastewater treatment ecosystems. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 11, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00298